Housing, Neighbourhoods and Inclusive Development

Introduction

Housing is simultaneously a physical asset, a social good, a household expense, a source of wealth and a major determinant of urban form. Housing policy therefore cannot be reduced to constructing dwelling units. It must address land, livelihoods, tenure, infrastructure, transport, environmental risk, public space, accessibility and social services.

Rapid urbanisation often produces a mismatch between the location and price of formal housing and the incomes, mobility needs and household structures of residents. Informal settlements emerge partly because formal land and housing systems do not provide affordable, well-located options. Effective planning must consequently distinguish housing need from market demand, evaluate affordability realistically, improve existing settlements and distribute services equitably.

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, readers should be able to:

1. distinguish demographic housing requirements, normative housing need and effective market demand;

2. estimate housing requirements using component and stock-flow methods without double counting;

3. evaluate affordability using housing-cost ratios and residual-income analysis;

4. diagnose the physical, social and institutional conditions of informal settlements;

5. compare upgrading, redevelopment and resettlement strategies;

6. prepare inclusive neighbourhood plans integrating mobility, public space and social infrastructure;

7. apply universal accessibility and equitable service-provision principles; and

8. evaluate governance, financing, technology and implementation risks.

1. Housing as a Planning System

A dwelling is not adequate merely because it provides shelter. Adequate housing normally requires security of tenure, structural safety, sufficient living space, basic services, protection from climatic hazards, accessibility, affordability and reasonable access to employment and social infrastructure.

Housing outcomes are generated by an interconnected system:

• Land: availability, title, subdivision rules and development rights;
• Finance: mortgages, rental finance, subsidies and household savings;
• Infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage, energy, roads and digital connectivity;
• Construction: materials, labour, standards and approval processes;
• Mobility: the time and cost of reaching employment and services;
• Institutions: planning authorities, utilities, courts, community organisations and markets;
• Households: income, size, age, disability, tenure preference and livelihood pattern.

A policy that lowers dwelling prices but relocates households far from employment may increase total living costs and deepen exclusion. Housing must therefore be assessed at dwelling, neighbourhood and metropolitan scales.

2. Housing Requirement, Need and Effective Demand

These terms represent different concepts and should not be used interchangeably.

2.1 Demographic housing requirement

Demographic requirement is the dwelling stock needed to accommodate a projected number of households, allowing for a reasonable proportion of vacant units for mobility and market turnover. It is a planning quantity rather than evidence that households can purchase the units.

2.2 Normative housing need

Normative need exists where households lack housing that satisfies an accepted adequacy standard. It includes homelessness, overcrowding, structurally unsafe housing, insecure tenure and serious service deficiencies. The measured level depends on the adopted standards and data quality.

2.3 Effective market demand

Effective demand is the quantity and type of housing that households are willing and financially able to obtain at specified prices, rents, credit terms and locations. It must be estimated from income, savings, access to finance, preferences and prevailing market conditions.

A household may have urgent housing need but no effective demand for a market-priced dwelling. Conversely, an investor may demand an additional dwelling without experiencing housing need. Supply strategies must therefore combine market delivery, assisted ownership, rental housing, incremental construction and targeted social provision.

3. Estimating Housing Requirements

3.1 Household projection

Population forecasts should be translated into households because dwellings primarily accommodate households. A simple estimate is

\[

H_t=\frac{P_t}{s_t}

\]

where:

• \(H_t\) = projected households in year \(t\),
• \(P_t\) = projected household population in year \(t\), and
• \(s_t\) = projected average household size.

The equation assumes that the population and household-size definitions are consistent. Institutional populations, such as residents of dormitories or care facilities, should be handled separately where appropriate.

Example: If the projected household population is 960,000 and average household size is 4.0 persons, the estimate is 240,000 households. If household size falls to 3.6, the same population produces approximately 266,667 households. Declining household size can therefore increase housing requirements even without population growth.

3.2 Mutually exclusive component model

For preliminary planning, gross additional new-unit need over a period may be represented as

\[

N=B+\Delta H+R

\]

where:

• \(B\) = baseline backlog requiring additional dwellings, excluding cases solvable solely by upgrading;
• \(\Delta H=H_t-H_0\) = net increase in households between the base and target years, already incorporating household formation, dissolution and net migration;
• \(R\) = serviceable dwellings expected to be permanently lost during the period; and
• \(N\) = gross additional dwelling need before allowing for existing vacancies or a target vacancy reserve.

The components must be mutually exclusive. New household formation must not be added separately when it is already included in \(\Delta H\). Replacement need applies to lost dwellings, not to household growth. Units that can remain occupied after upgrading should be recorded as an upgrading programme rather than automatically counted as new-unit backlog.

Suppose the baseline backlog requiring new dwellings is 8,000 units, households increase from 150,000 to 172,000, and 4,500 dwellings are expected to be lost. Then

\[

N=8,000+(172,000-150,000)+4,500=34,500\text{ dwellings}.

\]

This is a normative planning need, not proof of effective market demand.

3.3 Stock-flow method

A more complete method compares required serviceable stock with surviving and committed supply. If \(v^*\) is the target vacant share of total serviceable stock, then

\[

S_t^{req}=\frac{H_t}{1-v^}, \qquad 0\leq v^<1

\]

where \(S_t^{req}\) is the required target stock. The minimum additional supply is

\[

A=\max\left[0,\ S_t^{req}-(S_0-R+U+C)\right]

\]

where:

• \(S_0\) = serviceable stock at the base date;
• \(R\) = stock permanently lost before the target date;
• \(U\) = currently nonserviceable units made serviceable through upgrading;
• \(C\) = committed units expected to become serviceable; and
• \(A\) = further units required.

The vacancy allowance is not a household count. It supports mobility, renovation and turnover. Excess speculative vacancy should not be interpreted as meeting the need for appropriately located and affordable housing.

3.4 Estimating effective demand

Demand analysis segments households by income, tenure preference, household size and location. For ownership, borrowing capacity depends on the affordable periodic payment, interest rate, term and lender requirements. The present value of a level monthly payment is

\[

L=M\frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i}

\]

where \(L\) is the loan principal, \(M\) is the affordable monthly payment, \(i\) is the monthly interest rate and \(n\) is the number of monthly payments. Taxes, insurance, maintenance, transaction costs and down payment must be assessed separately.

Demand estimates are sensitive to interest rates and income stability. Informal workers may be able to make regular payments but lack documentation required by conventional lenders. Rental and incremental-housing demand should therefore be analysed alongside mortgage demand.

4. Housing Affordability

Affordability concerns whether housing can be obtained without compromising essential non-housing needs. No single indicator is sufficient.

4.1 Housing-cost ratio

The housing-cost burden is

\[

r=\frac{C_h}{Y_d}

\]

where \(C_h\) is periodic housing cost and \(Y_d\) is disposable household income over the same period. Housing cost should consistently include rent or loan payment and the utilities or compulsory charges specified by the analyst.

A threshold such as 30 per cent is a screening convention rather than a universal law. It ignores household size, debt, healthcare requirements, location and income level.

4.2 Residual-income method

The residual-income method calculates the resources left after housing costs:

\[

RI=Y_d-C_h.

\]

Housing is affordable under this method when

\[

RI\geq E_{min},

\]

where \(E_{min}\) is the minimum adequate non-housing expenditure budget for that household type and location. Equivalently, maximum affordable housing cost is

\[

C_h^{max}=Y_d-E_{min}.

\]

Essential non-housing expenditure is represented once—through \(E_{min}\). It must not first be subtracted in calculating residual income and then be compared again with the same budget.

Worked example: A household has monthly disposable income of 50,000 currency units, housing cost of 17,000 and a minimum non-housing budget of 31,000.

\[

r=17,000/50,000=34\%.

\]

It exceeds a 30 per cent ratio benchmark. However,

\[

RI=50,000-17,000=33,000.

\]

Because 33,000 exceeds the required 31,000, the dwelling is affordable under the specified residual-income test. The difference demonstrates why both indicators should be reported.

4.3 Location-adjusted affordability

Low-priced peripheral housing can impose high transport costs. A combined indicator is

\[

r_{HT}=\frac{C_h+C_t}{Y_d},

\]

where \(C_t\) is household transport expenditure. Time costs, service reliability and exposure to fuel-price changes should also be considered. Location-adjusted analysis often favours compact, connected neighbourhoods over isolated low-cost projects.

4.4 Affordability interventions

Policy instruments include serviced land, rental housing, housing vouchers, interest support, guarantees, inclusionary requirements, community land trusts and cross-subsidy. Supply-side measures are generally more durable when they reduce land, infrastructure or approval costs. Poorly targeted demand subsidies can be capitalised into higher land prices.

5. Informal Settlements

Informal settlements are residential areas in which land occupation, subdivision, construction or service provision does not fully comply with formal legal and planning systems. They are heterogeneous: some are consolidated communities with durable buildings, while others occupy hazardous land with severe deprivation.

Informality should not be equated automatically with criminality or physical disorder. It often reflects exclusionary land markets, unaffordable standards, slow approvals, weak rental provision and migration to employment centres.

5.1 Diagnostic assessment

A settlement profile should examine:

• tenure claims and disputes;
• building materials and structural risks;
• density, plot pattern and access width;
• water, sanitation, drainage, waste and energy;
• flood, fire, landslide, heat and pollution exposure;
• household income, rent and livelihoods;
• gender, age, disability and safety conditions;
• schools, healthcare and public space;
• community organisations and landlord–tenant relations.

Participatory enumeration and mapping can reveal residents omitted from official records. Data collection must protect privacy and must not become a mechanism for eviction.

6. Slum Upgrading, Redevelopment and Resettlement

6.1 In-situ upgrading

In-situ upgrading improves a settlement while retaining residents as far as practicable. It may include tenure recognition, water and sanitation, drainage, street improvement, lighting, structural retrofitting and social facilities. Its principal advantages are livelihood continuity, lower social disruption and preservation of community networks.

Incremental implementation is often appropriate: secure immediate hazards first, install trunk infrastructure, improve access, regularise tenure and support dwelling improvements. Layout adjustment may require negotiated land readjustment rather than comprehensive demolition.

6.2 Redevelopment

Redevelopment replaces much of the existing built fabric, sometimes with higher-density housing. It may be justified where land is extremely hazardous or structures cannot feasibly be retrofitted. Risks include construction delays, unaffordable maintenance charges, loss of rental units and displacement through resale or rent escalation.

6.3 Resettlement

Relocation should generally be a last resort, used where severe risk cannot be mitigated or essential infrastructure cannot otherwise be provided. A defensible process requires consultation, compensation, livelihood restoration, secure tenure at the destination, accessible services and monitoring after relocation. Physical replacement of a dwelling alone does not restore social and economic life.

6.4 Tenure security

Tenure security exists along a continuum. Individual freehold title is not always necessary or sufficient. Alternatives include occupancy certificates, long-term leases, cooperative tenure and community land trusts. Premature titling may expose low-income households to distress sales or speculative acquisition. The appropriate instrument should protect residents while permitting infrastructure investment and legitimate transactions.

7. Neighbourhood Planning

A neighbourhood is a lived social and spatial environment rather than a fixed geometric unit. Its boundaries may be defined by walking catchments, physical barriers, cultural identity or service areas.

7.1 Core planning principles

An inclusive neighbourhood should provide:

1. a connected street network supporting walking, cycling, emergency access and public transport;

2. mixed or complementary land uses where environmental compatibility permits;

3. a diversity of dwelling sizes, prices and tenure forms;

4. safe, visible and accessible public spaces;

5. schools, healthcare and community facilities matched to population needs;

6. climate-responsive drainage, shade, vegetation and energy systems; and

7. opportunities for local livelihoods without exposing residents to unacceptable nuisance or risk.

Density should be evaluated with design and infrastructure capacity. High density can support public transport and services, but overcrowding, inadequate ventilation and insufficient public space reduce liveability.

7.2 Public space

Public space includes streets, parks, playgrounds, squares and waterfronts that are publicly accessible. Quality depends on access, comfort, safety, ecological function, adaptability and opportunities for social interaction—not merely area.

Planning should assess walking distance, barriers, shade, seating, lighting, drainage, surveillance and accessibility. Gender-sensitive audits can identify unsafe routes and times. Maintenance responsibilities and operating budgets should be established before construction.

7.3 Universal accessibility

Universal design seeks environments usable by the widest possible range of people without specialised adaptation. It benefits persons with disabilities, older people, children, caregivers and temporarily injured users.

Neighbourhood measures include continuous step-free routes, kerb ramps, safe crossings, tactile and visual cues, readable signage, adequate resting places, accessible toilets and barrier-free entrances. Gradients, dimensions and surface requirements must comply with applicable national or local accessibility standards. Accessibility should be designed as a connected journey from dwelling to destination; isolated compliant elements do not constitute an accessible system.

8. Social Infrastructure and Equitable Services

Social infrastructure includes education, healthcare, childcare, community halls, libraries, recreation, emergency services and social-care facilities. Provision should respond to population composition, future growth and actual accessibility.

A simple facility requirement is

\[

F=\left\lceil\frac{P\times q}{K}\right\rceil

\]

where \(P\) is the relevant population, \(q\) is the expected participation rate, \(K\) is effective facility capacity and the ceiling function rounds upward. The calculation is only an initial estimate; spatial accessibility, staffing, utilisation peaks and service quality must also be tested.

For 12,000 school-age children, a participation rate of 0.90 and effective school capacity of 900 pupils,

\[

F=\left\lceil\frac{12,000\times0.90}{900}\right\rceil=12\text{ schools}.

\]

8.1 Equity assessment

Equal provision gives every area the same resources; equitable provision allocates resources according to need and disadvantage. Useful indicators include:

• percentage of households with reliable water and sanitation;
• travel time to schools, healthcare and public transport;
• per-capita public-space availability and quality;
• affordability by income decile;
• outage frequency and service reliability;
• accessibility for persons with disabilities; and
• exposure to environmental hazards.

Distributional analysis should disaggregate results by income, tenure, gender, age, disability and location. Citywide averages can conceal severe local deprivation.

9. Governance, Regulation and Finance

Housing programmes require coordination among land agencies, municipalities, utilities, transport authorities, financiers, developers and communities. Fragmented mandates often produce serviced land without housing, housing without transport, or facilities without operating funds.

Regulation is necessary for health, safety and environmental protection, but standards should be proportionate and enforceable. Excessive minimum plot sizes, parking requirements or blanket prohibitions on mixed use can exclude low-income households. Performance-based and incremental standards may achieve essential safety while allowing progressive improvement.

Financing may combine municipal budgets, user charges, development contributions, land-value capture, concessional loans and cross-subsidy. Capital funding must be accompanied by lifecycle budgets for operations, maintenance and renewal.

Ethical governance requires transparent beneficiary selection, accessible grievance procedures, protection against forced eviction, fair compensation, anti-corruption controls and meaningful participation. Consultation should influence decisions rather than merely validate a predetermined project.

10. Technology and Contemporary Developments

Geographic information systems integrate parcel, hazard, transport and service data. Satellite imagery can identify settlement expansion, while mobile surveys support participatory enumeration. Building information modelling can coordinate complex redevelopment projects.

Artificial intelligence may assist in classifying roof materials, forecasting growth or locating service deficits. However, outputs can reproduce historical bias, misclassify informal structures or expose vulnerable residents. Human validation, data minimisation, consent and clear restrictions on enforcement use are essential.

Current policy directions include climate-resilient upgrading, low-carbon materials, adaptive reuse, rental-sector reform, transit-oriented affordable housing and recognition of housing as part of a just transition. Climate adaptation should avoid “green displacement,” where environmental improvements raise prices and expel existing residents.

11. Illustrative Applied Case: Navapur Inclusive Housing Programme

Background

Navapur is an illustrative medium-sized city with 200,000 households. Employment is concentrated near the centre, while formal affordable housing is expanding on the fringe. Several inner-city informal settlements experience flooding and insecure tenure.

Problem

The target-year projection is 230,000 households. The city currently has 188,000 serviceable dwellings, including vacant units. It expects 7,000 units to be permanently lost. Upgrading can return 12,000 currently nonserviceable dwellings to serviceable condition. The desired vacant share is 5 per cent. Surveys indicate that only about 22,000 households can afford unsubsidised market products under prevailing prices and credit conditions.

Analysis

Required target stock is

\[

S_t^{req}=\frac{230,000}{1-0.05}=242,105.26.

\]

Rounding up gives 242,106 serviceable dwellings. Stock available after losses and upgrading is

\[

188,000-7,000+12,000=193,000.

\]

Further required supply is therefore

\[

A=242,106-193,000=49,106\text{ dwellings}.

\]

This is a normative stock requirement. It is not equivalent to the 22,000 households demonstrating effective demand for unsubsidised products. The difference signals the need for rental, subsidised and incremental options rather than an assumption that all required units can be sold commercially.

Spatial analysis finds that peripheral land is cheaper, but average commuting expenditure would be 6,000 currency units per month compared with 2,500 in upgraded inner areas. A low-income household earning 40,000 and paying 10,000 for peripheral housing would face a housing-plus-transport ratio of 40 per cent:

\[

(10,000+6,000)/40,000=0.40.

\]

An inner-area unit costing 12,000 with transport cost of 2,500 would produce 36.25 per cent. The nominally more expensive dwelling is therefore more affordable on a combined basis.

Approach

The city adopts a portfolio rather than a single project:

• in-situ flood-resilient upgrading of 12,000 dwellings;
• serviced plots and incremental housing near employment corridors;
• mixed-income rental housing on public land;
• replacement of the 7,000 lost units without distant relocation where possible;
• inclusion of accessible dwellings and continuous barrier-free routes;
• schools, clinics and public spaces phased with occupancy; and
• transport and housing subsidies assessed jointly.

Residents participate in enumeration, infrastructure alignment and relocation decisions. A grievance system and anti-eviction protocol are established. Annual monitoring disaggregates service access and affordability by income, gender, disability and tenure.

Expected Outcome

If implemented as planned, the programme would meet the calculated target stock while protecting well-located communities, broadening tenure choices and reducing transport burdens. Actual outcomes would still depend on delivery rates, household growth, prices and maintenance performance.

Learning Points

The case demonstrates that stock requirement, effective demand and affordability are distinct. Upgrading can preserve assets and livelihoods; location changes affordability; and housing delivery must be coordinated with services, accessibility and governance.

12. Implementation Challenges and Best Practices

Common challenges include uncertain land records, speculative price increases, weak municipal finance, fragmented agencies, inaccurate population data and political pressure for visible but poorly located projects. Community participation may also be captured by local elites unless tenants, women, migrants and persons with disabilities are represented directly.

Good practice includes maintaining a regularly updated housing observatory; separating new construction from upgrading targets; publishing assumptions behind projections; testing affordability by income group; integrating transport costs; prioritising in-situ solutions; funding operations and maintenance; and monitoring displacement, service reliability and resident satisfaction after completion.

Chapter Summary

Housing planning integrates demographic change, markets, land, infrastructure, mobility and social policy. Normative housing need must be distinguished from effective demand. Component estimates require mutually exclusive backlog, household-growth and replacement terms, while stock-flow models account explicitly for serviceable stock, losses, upgrading, committed supply and vacancy reserves.

Affordability should be evaluated through both cost ratios and residual income. Informal-settlement policy should favour participatory, risk-sensitive in-situ upgrading where feasible, with relocation used cautiously. Inclusive neighbourhoods combine tenure diversity, connected mobility, public space, universal accessibility and social infrastructure. Equitable provision requires disaggregated evidence, transparent governance and long-term maintenance. Technology can strengthen analysis, but it must be governed to protect privacy and prevent discriminatory decisions.

Key Terms

Adequate housing: Housing that meets accepted requirements for tenure, services, safety, space, accessibility, location and affordability.

Affordability: A household’s ability to obtain housing without sacrificing essential non-housing needs.

Backlog: Baseline housing deficiency requiring additional dwellings under a specified standard.

Effective demand: Housing that households are willing and financially able to obtain at stated market conditions.

Equity: Allocation of opportunities and resources in response to differing needs and disadvantages.

Housing-cost burden: The proportion of disposable income spent on defined housing costs.

Housing need: Normatively assessed deficiency in housing quantity, quality, tenure or services.

Incremental housing: Housing developed progressively as household resources permit.

Informal settlement: A settlement not fully compliant with formal land, building or service systems.

In-situ upgrading: Improvement of a settlement while retaining residents substantially in place.

Location-adjusted affordability: Affordability assessment incorporating transport and other location-related costs.

Residual income: Disposable income remaining after payment of housing costs.

Serviceable stock: Dwellings capable of providing acceptable accommodation under the adopted standard.

Social infrastructure: Facilities supporting education, health, care, culture, recreation and community life.

Tenure security: Protection against arbitrary eviction and recognised rights to occupy or use housing.

Universal design: Design usable by the widest practical range of people without specialised adaptation.

Vacancy reserve: A planned proportion of unoccupied serviceable stock supporting mobility and turnover.

Review Questions

Short Answer Questions

1. Distinguish housing need from effective market demand.

2. Why should new household formation not be added separately to projected net household growth?

3. State the residual-income affordability condition.

4. Identify four components of an informal-settlement diagnostic assessment.

5. What is meant by universal accessibility at neighbourhood scale?

Long Answer Questions

1. Critically compare component and stock-flow approaches to housing requirement estimation.

2. Explain the strengths and limitations of housing-cost ratios and residual-income analysis.

3. Compare in-situ upgrading, redevelopment and resettlement as responses to informal settlements.

4. Discuss how public space, mobility and social infrastructure contribute to inclusive neighbourhoods.

5. Examine the governance and ethical requirements of a large housing programme.

Analytical / Application Questions

1. A city expects households to increase from 320,000 to 365,000. It has a baseline backlog of 14,000 households requiring new units and expects 6,000 dwellings to be lost. Estimate gross additional need using the component method and explain why the result is not effective demand.

2. A household has disposable monthly income of 60,000, housing costs of 19,000 and a minimum non-housing budget of 39,500. Evaluate affordability using a 30 per cent ratio benchmark and the residual-income method.

3. Prepare an outline upgrading strategy for a flood-prone informal settlement, covering tenure, infrastructure, livelihood protection, accessibility, participation and monitoring.

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1

Which statement correctly distinguishes normative housing need from effective demand?

A. Housing need considers only mortgage applicants, while demand considers all residents.

B. Housing need reflects adequacy standards, while effective demand requires willingness and financial ability to obtain housing.

C. Housing need and effective demand are always numerically identical.

D. Effective demand excludes rental housing.

Correct Answer: B. Housing need reflects adequacy standards, while effective demand requires willingness and financial ability to obtain housing.

Question 2

A city has a baseline backlog of 8,000 dwellings, projected net household growth of 22,000 households and replacement need of 4,500 dwellings. What is its gross additional normative need?

A. 26,500 dwellings

B. 30,000 dwellings

C. 34,500 dwellings

D. 38,000 dwellings

Correct Answer: C. 34,500 dwellings

Question 3

Why should new household formation not be added separately when net household growth is already used?

A. It would double count household change.

B. Household formation has no effect on housing.

C. Replacement need includes all new households.

D. Vacant dwellings are counted as households.

Correct Answer: A. It would double count household change.

Question 4

Under the residual-income method, housing is affordable when:

A. housing costs are always below 30 per cent of gross income.

B. income minus housing cost is at least the minimum adequate non-housing budget.

C. housing cost plus essential expenditure exceeds disposable income.

D. the household has no transport expenditure.

Correct Answer: B. income minus housing cost is at least the minimum adequate non-housing budget.

Question 5

A household has disposable income of 50,000 and housing costs of 17,000 per month. What is its housing-cost ratio?

A. 30 per cent

B. 33 per cent

C. 34 per cent

D. 36 per cent

Correct Answer: C. 34 per cent

Question 6

Which intervention normally causes the least disruption to established livelihoods and social networks?

A. Distant compulsory resettlement

B. In-situ upgrading

C. Complete clearance without return rights

D. Conversion of housing to commercial use

Correct Answer: B. In-situ upgrading

Question 7

Which equation gives required serviceable stock for H households and target vacancy share v?

A. S = H(1 − v)

B. S = H/v

C. S = H/(1 − v)

D. S = H + v

Correct Answer: C. S = H/(1 − v)

Question 8

What is the principal purpose of location-adjusted affordability analysis?

A. To exclude utility charges from housing costs

B. To evaluate housing costs together with transport or other location-related costs

C. To value land without considering households

D. To replace household income with property value

Correct Answer: B. To evaluate housing costs together with transport or other location-related costs

Question 9

Which measure best demonstrates universal accessibility at neighbourhood scale?

A. An accessible public building reached only by stairs

B. A continuous step-free route connecting dwellings, streets, transport and services

C. A separate district intended only for persons with disabilities

D. A wide road without pedestrian crossings

Correct Answer: B. A continuous step-free route connecting dwellings, streets, transport and services

Question 10

In the Navapur case, how many further dwellings were required after rounding required target stock upward?

A. 37,106 dwellings

B. 42,000 dwellings

C. 49,106 dwellings

D. 54,106 dwellings

Correct Answer: C. 49,106 dwellings